Based on MODIS MOD13A3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and ERA5 reanalyzed temperature and precipitation data, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) and the impact of human activities in the northeastern Sichuan region from 2000 to 2020 were investigated. The results show that: (1) The FVC in northeastern Sichuan exhibited a significant increasing trend from 2000 to 2020, with a spatial pattern of high in the northeast and low in the southwest. (2) The changes in FVC were mainly characterized by no change and micro-significant increase, with a decrease in urbanized areas. (3) Human activities generally promoted vegetation restoration, but urban expansion caused local degradation. (4) Vegetation in the Daba Mountain region was stable, with slight fluctuations in some areas of northeastern Sichuan, while vegetation in urbanized areas fluctuated significantly. (5) In the future, vegetation in Guang'an, southern Dazhou, and eastern Nanchong is expected to continue improving, whereas areas such as Bazhong and northern Dazhou may face degradation risks.