Abstract: The Sichuan Basin (SB) is a special area of atmospheric aerosol pollution in China, and the mechanism of spatial-temporal variations of air pollution and the influence of unique basin topography should be urgently investigated. This paper reviews a series of related studies, including: (1) Revealing the large topographic effect on atmospheric environment change in the SB, the “harbor effect” of aerosol spatial distribution in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and the “climate regulation” of TP’s thermal forcing on basin air quality change. (2) Exploring the influence of the atmospheric boundary layer structure on the variations of atmospheric aerosols over the SB, the variations of the atmospheric boundary layer vertical structure during the heavy haze in winter and the related physical and chemical properties of PM2.5. (3) Clarifying the important mechanism of atmospheric aerosol on heavy rain in the SB and the climate change of regional precipitation distribution patterns connected with high aerosol pollution distribution in the SB. These studies have improved the scientific understanding of the formation mechanism of aerosol pollution in the SB and the influence of large topography on atmospheric environment change. In the future, the unique atmospheric boundary layer structure, anthropogenic and natural emissions as well as atmospheric physical-chemical process changes should be further studied under the topographic background of the SB.